Hardware

Hardware#

Hardware is the operator’s bench discipline. Cyber tradecraft runs on physical hardware, and an operator who can trace a schematic, pull firmware off a chip, sniff a UART, or solder a dropbox extends their reach past what software alone can offer. The section covers the parts of the trade an operator needs at the bench and on target, from the lab fundamentals to the hardware-hacking techniques used against defended devices.

For the software side of embedded work (firmware, RTOS, drivers), see Software. For radio tradecraft at the signal-intelligence layer, see SIGINT. This section is the hardware itself.

Bench#

What the operator sets up before touching a board.

Basics

Electricity, parts, semiconductors, photonics, and the schematic symbols that draw them.

Basics
Tools

EDA, simulation, programming, hardware reverse engineering, and the bench instruments between schematic and shipped board.

Tools

Chips#

The integrated circuits that go on the board.

Digital ICs

Logic gates, gate families, combinational and sequential logic.

Digital Integrated Circuits
Analog ICs

Op-amps, comparators, timers, function generators, voltage regulators.

Analog Integrated Circuits
Microcontrollers

Programmable chips. Platforms, toolchains, peripherals, and the buses they talk on.

Microcontrollers
SBC

Single-board computers. Raspberry Pi, BeagleBone, Jetson, Rock Pi, Odroid, LattePanda; the operator’s pocket-sized Linux pivot point.

SBC
PLC

Programmable logic controllers. Deterministic scan-cycle machines on the plant floor; the operator’s foothold into ICS and OT.

PLC

Boards#

Wires, circuits, the PCB that carries them, and the firmware that runs on the result.

Protocols

The wires between chips. UART, SPI, I2C, CAN, USB, JTAG, SWD, and the rest of the embedded-bus catalog.

Protocols
Circuits

Common circuits the operator wires up with MCUs, digital ICs, and sensors.

Basic Circuits
PCB

PCB design discipline. Stack-up, placement, routing, design rules, and the manufacturing handoff.

PCB Design
Firmware

The software that runs on the chip. Toolchains, vendor SDKs, RTOSes, programmers, debugging, and firmware analysis.

Firmware

Projects#

Reference builds that integrate the rest of the section.

Drones

Reference airframe the operator builds to infiltrate and exfiltrate payloads, carry sensors, and join a mesh.

Drones
MANET

Mobile ad-hoc mesh nodes for field communication, coordination, spatial awareness, and SDR.

MANET