Energy Infrastructure

Energy Infrastructure#

Reference of major energy assets, regulators, and interconnects worldwide, oil refineries, LNG terminals, pipelines, electric grids, and the strategic chokepoints of the global energy supply.

For broader critical-infrastructure context, see Critical Infrastructure. For the maritime / pipeline geography, see Airports & Seaports.

Oil + gas: producers (top, 2024-2026)#

Country	~mb/d oil	Notes
United States	~13 M	shale-led; Permian, Bakken, Eagle Ford, DJ + Niobrara basins.
Saudi Arabia	~10 M	Saudi Aramco; Ghawar (largest), Safaniya.
Russia	~10 M	Urals + ESPO + Sokol grades; Rosneft, Lukoil, Gazprom Neft, Surgutneftegas.
Canada	~5 M	Alberta oil sands + offshore Atlantic.
China	~4 M	CNPC, Sinopec, CNOOC; Daqing legacy.
Iraq	~4 M	Basra + Kirkuk; Iraqi Oil Co.
UAE	~4 M	ADNOC.
Brazil	~3.5 M	Petrobras; pre-salt offshore.
Iran	~3 M	NIOC; sanctions-affected.
Kuwait	~2.7 M	KOC.
Norway	~2 M	Equinor; Johan Sverdrup, Troll.
Qatar	~1.8 M oil +	LNG dominant QatarEnergy.
Kazakhstan	~1.7 M	Tengiz, Kashagan.
Mexico	~1.7 M	Pemex.
Nigeria	~1.4 M	NNPC; Bonga, Egina.

Oil + gas: refining capacity (largest by country)#

Country	~mb/d	Notes
United States	~18 M	~130 refineries; Gulf Coast PADD 3 dominant.
China	~17 M	state-owned (Sinopec, CNPC) + private.
Russia	~6 M	sanctioned export but domestic processing unchanged.
India	~5 M	Reliance Jamnagar (~1.4M b/d, world’s largest single complex); IOC, BPCL, HPCL.
South Korea	~3.5 M	SK Innovation, GS Caltex, S-Oil, HD Hyundai Oilbank.
Japan	~3 M	ENEOS, Idemitsu Kosan, Cosmo.
Saudi Arabia	~3 M	Aramco; Ras Tanura, Yanbu, Jubail.
Brazil	~2 M	Petrobras.
Germany	~2 M	Shell, BP, Total, Rosneft (sanctioned shares).
Iran	~2 M	Abadan, Bandar Abbas.
Singapore	~1.5 M	Jurong + Bukom; transhipment hub.

LNG: largest export terminals#

Project	Country	Capacity (Mtpa)	Notes
Sabine Pass	US	30 (4 trains)	Cheniere; Louisiana.
Cameron LNG	US	14	Sempra; Louisiana.
Corpus Christi	US	14	Cheniere; Texas.
Freeport LNG	US	15	Texas.
Cove Point	US	5.25	Maryland; first East Coast.
Calcasieu Pass	US	12	Venture Global; Louisiana.
Plaquemines Phase 1	US	27 (full)	Venture Global; Louisiana.
Ras Laffan	Qatar	77	QatarEnergy; world’s largest.
North Field East	Qatar	33 (expansion)	first phase 2025+.
Gorgon	Australia	15.6	Chevron; WA.
Wheatstone	Australia	8.9	Chevron; WA.
Pluto	Australia	4.9	Woodside.
Ichthys	Australia	8.9	INPEX; Darwin.
APLNG	Australia	9.0	Origin / ConocoPhillips.
GLNG	Australia	8.0	Santos.
Bintulu MLNG	Malaysia	30	Petronas; Sarawak.
Tangguh	Indonesia	11.4	BP; Papua.
Yamal LNG	Russia	17.4	Novatek; Arctic.
Sakhalin-2	Russia	9.6	Gazprom (post-divest).
Arctic LNG-2	Russia	19.8 planned	sanctioned 2024.
LNG Canada	Canada	14	Shell; first phase 2025.
Snøhvit	Norway	4.3	Hammerfest.
Damietta	Egypt	7.2	ENI / EGAS.
Nigeria LNG	Nigeria	22	Bonny.
Atlantic LNG	T&T	15	Trinidad.

LNG: importers#

Country	~Mtpa	Notes
China	80	largest 2021+; Yangkou, Tangshan, Yantai, Beihai.
Japan	65	long-time leader; over 40 receiving terminals.
South Korea	45	Pyeongtaek, Incheon, Tongyeong, Samcheok.
India	25	Dahej (Petronet), Hazira, Mundra.
Taiwan	22	Taichung, Yongan.
EU (combined)	100+	FSRU surge post-2022; Wilhelmshaven, Eemshaven, Mukran, Brunsbüttel, Inkoo, Gdansk, Krk, Piombino.
UK	10	Isle of Grain, Milford Haven (Dragon, South Hook).
Türkiye	15	Marmara Ereğlisi, Aliağa, Etki, Saros.

Major pipelines#

Pipeline	Notes
Druzhba	Russia → Belarus → Poland / Germany / Hungary / Slovakia / Czechia; Soviet-era; partial sanctions exemptions.
Nord Stream 1 / 2	Russia → Germany via Baltic; sabotaged Sep 2022.
Trans-Siberian	Power of Siberia (CN-bound), Power of Siberia 2 planned.
TurkStream	Russia → Türkiye → Bulgaria.
Yamal-Europe	Russia → Belarus → Poland → Germany.
Trans-Mediterranean	Algeria → Tunisia → Italy.
Maghreb-Europe	Algeria → Morocco → Spain (suspended 2021); ME via MEDGAZ instead.
TAP / TANAP	Azerbaijan → Türkiye → Greece → Albania → Italy.
EastMed (planned)	Israel → Cyprus → Greece; under review.
Keystone XL	(canceled 2021); Canada → US Gulf.
Trans-Alaska	Prudhoe Bay → Valdez.
Colonial Pipeline	Houston → New York Harbor; ransomed 2021.
Magellan / Williams	US Gulf-east-network.
Caspian Pipeline	Tengiz → Novorossiysk; CPC.
BTC	Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan; Caspian → Mediterranean.
Forcados, Trans Niger	Niger Delta export network.
Olifants	southern Africa.
West-East Gas	China; many parallel lines.
Power of Siberia	Russia → China; expanding.
COTC	Caspian-Oil Trans-Caspian (proposed).

Strategic chokepoints (energy-specific)#

Strait of Hormuz, ~21% of world oil trade transits.
Strait of Malacca, ~16 mb/d oil.
Suez Canal + SUMED pipeline, ~9% world oil + ~8% LNG.
Bab el-Mandeb, ~6 mb/d (Houthi attacks 2023+).
Bosphorus, ~3 mb/d (Russian + Caspian crude).
Danish Straits, Russian Baltic exports.
Panama Canal, ~1 mb/d + LPG (drought-restricted 2023+).

(See Airports & Seaports for non-energy chokepoints.)

Electric grid blocs#

Region	Notes
North America	three large interconnects: Eastern, Western, ERCOT (Texas). Plus Quebec + Alaska + Hawaii separate.
EU + UK	ENTSO-E synchronous area; Continental Europe + Nordic + GB + Ireland + Baltic states; Russia + Belarus + Ukraine formerly synchronous, mostly desynchronised since 2022.
Russia / CIS	IPS/UPS synchronous area.
China	State Grid + Southern Grid; multiple HVDC backbone.
India	One Grid synchronous since 2014.
Brazil	SIN (Sistema Interligado Nacional).
Africa	regional pools: WAPP, EAPP, SAPP, NAPP, CAPP.
Australia	NEM (Eastern), SWIS (Western), NT.

Major utilities (selected)#

Country	Utilities
US	IOUs (Duke, Southern Co., NextEra, Exelon, Dominion, AEP, PSEG, Xcel, etc.); munis (LADWP, SMUD, NYPA); coops (NRECA); PG&E, SCE, SDG&E (CA).
EU	EDF (France), Enel (Italy), RWE + E.ON (Germany), Iberdrola (Spain), Vattenfall (Sweden), Engie (France), Statkraft (Norway), TenneT (NL/DE).
UK	National Grid, ScottishPower, SSE, EDF, Drax, Octopus.
China	State Grid Corp of China (largest by revenue), China Southern Power Grid, Huaneng, Datang, China Huadian, China Three Gorges.
India	NTPC, PowerGrid, NHPC, Tata Power, Adani Power.
Japan	TEPCO, KEPCO Japan, Chubu, Tohoku, Kyushu, Hokkaido.
Russia	RusHydro, Inter RAO, Rosatom, Rosseti.

Reactors / nuclear#

Country	Reactors operating (~2024-2026)
US	92 (PWR + BWR mix); 54 commercial nuclear plants; first small AP1000 (Vogtle 3+4) commissioned 2023-24; SMR plans.
France	56 (mostly PWR, EDF); ~70% of electricity.
China	55 + many under construction; CGN + CNNC + SPIC.
Russia	37; Rosatom; building Akkuyu (TR), El Dabaa (EG), Rooppur (BD).
South Korea	26; APR-1400 design exported to UAE (Barakah 1-4).
Canada	19 (mostly CANDU; OPG, Bruce Power, NB Power).
India	22; PHWR + LWR mix.
UK	9 active; Hinkley Point C + Sizewell C in construction.
Japan	12 operating + ~33 idle / decommissioning post-2011; TEPCO, KEPCO Japan, Tohoku.
Germany	0 since 2023 phase-out.
Belgium	7 → phasing.
Czechia, Hungary, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland	~4-6 each.

Plus research / military reactors (US Navy, French Force de Frappe, Russian fleet, etc.) that are not power-grid-connected.

Renewables capacity (top, 2024-2026)#

Country	GW	Notes (combined wind + solar PV)
China	~1,400	the dominant installer + manufacturer.
US	~360	-
Germany	~170	-
India	~190	-
Brazil	~50	-
Japan	~110	-
UK	~40	-
Spain	~50	-

(IRENA + IEA data; offshore wind growing fastest; CN dominates solar PV manufacturing, ~80% global module production.)

Operator notes#

Energy supply data is highly seasonal, monthly production / consumption shifts; use IEA + EIA + JODI as quarterly references not point-in-time.
Strategic petroleum reserves, US SPR (~370 M bbl, 2024 post-drawdown), China (~700 M bbl rumoured), Japan (~325 M), India (~74 M); release decisions are political signals.
Sanctions enforcement, Russian oil price-cap (since Dec 2022), Iran oil + LNG export restrictions (since 2018), Venezuela oil (varied sanctions).
Cyber + ICS, energy is ATT&CK-targeted heavily; see Sandworm / Energetic Bear (RU), Volt Typhoon (CN), and case studies (Industroyer, Pipedream / Incontroller).
Pipeline + LNG mapping, Argus, Platts (S&P Global), Wood Mackenzie are the commercial standards; OSINT layer via OSM + GEM (Global Energy Monitor).